Comparison of Hemodynamic Consequences of Hand Ventilation Versus Machine Ventilation for Transportation of Post?Operative Pediatric Cardiac Patients

Learning Objective: Hemodynamic monitoring during in?hospital transport of intubated patients is vital; however, no prospective randomized trials have evaluated the hemodynamic consequences of hand versus machine ventilation during transport among pediatric patients� post?cardiac surgery. The authors hypothesized that manual ventilation after pediatric cardiac surgery would alter hemodynamic and arterial blood gas (ABG) parameters during transport compared to mechanical ventilation. Design: A prospective randomized trial. Setting: Tertiary cardiac care hospital. Participants: Pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred intubated pediatric patients were randomized to hand or machine ventilation immediately post?cardiac surgery during transport from the operating room to the pediatric post?operative intensive care unit (PICU). Hemodynamic variables, including end?tidal CO2 (ETCO2 ), oxygen saturation, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), peak airway pressure (Ppeak), and mean airway pressure (Pmean), were measured at origin, during transport, and at the destination. ABG was measured before and upon arrival in the PICU, and adverse events were recorded. The Chi?square test and independent t?test were used for comparison of categorical and continuous parameters, respectively. Results and Discussion: The mean transport time was comparable between hand?ventilated (5.77 � 1.46 min) and machine?ventilated (5.96 � 1.19 min) groups (P = 0.47). ETCO2 consistently dropped during transport and after shifting in the hand?ventilated group, with significantly higher ETCO2 excursion than in machine?ventilated patients (P < 0.05). SBP and DBP significantly decreased during transport (at 5 and 6 min intervals) and after shifting in hand?ventilated patients than in the other group (P < 0.05). Additionally, after shifting, a significant increase in Ppeak (P < 0.001), Pmean (P < 0.001), and pH (P < 0.001), and a decrease in pCO2 (P = 0.0072) was observed in hand?ventilated patients than machine?ventilated patients. No adverse event was noted during either mode of ventilation. Conclusion: Hand ventilation leads to more significant variation in ABG and hemodynamic parameters than machine ventilation in pediatric patients during transport post?cardiac surgery. Therefore, using a mechanical ventilator is the preferred method for transporting post?operative pediatric cardiac patients

Clinical features and outcomes at discharge of outborn very preterm infants of different ages after interhospital transfer / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the distribution of ages at the interhospital transfer of outborn very preterm infants in China and to compare their perinatal characteristics and outcomes at discharge and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) treatment.Methods:A total of 3 405 outborn very premature infants with a gestational age of 24-31 +6 weeks who were transferred to the NICUs of the Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) in 2019 were included in this retrospective study. According to the age at transfer, they were divided into three groups: early transfer (≤1 d), delayed transfer (>1-7 d) and late transfer (>7 d) groups. Analysis of variance, t-test, Chi-square test (Bonferroni correction), Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare the general clinical condition, treatment, and outcomes at discharge among the three groups. Results:The median gestational age was 29.7 weeks (28.3-31.0 weeks) and the average birth weight was (1 321.0 ± 316.5) g for these 3 405 infants. There were 2 031 patients (59.6%) in the early transfer group, 406 (11.9%) in the delayed transfer group and 968 (28.4%) in the late transfer group. Infants who received continuous positive airway pressure ventilation and tracheal intubation in the delivery room accounted for 8.4% (237/2 806) and 32.9% (924/2 805), respectively. A total of 62.7% (1 569/2 504) of the mothers received antenatal glucocorticoid therapy and the ratio in the early transfer group was 68.7% (1 121/1 631), which was higher than that in the delayed transfer group [56.1% (152/271), χ2=16.78, P<0.017] and the late transfer group [49.2% (296/602), χ2=72.56, P<0.017]. The total mortality rate of very premature infants was 12.7% (431/3 405), and the mortality rates in the early, delayed and late transfer groups were 12.4% (252/2 031), 16.3% (66/406) and 11.7% (113/968), respectively ( χ2=5.72, P=0.057). The incidences of severe intraventricular hemorrhage, late-onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia at the corrected gestational age of 36 weeks or discharge were all higher in the delayed and late transfer groups than in the early transfer group, respectively. The incidences of retinopathy of prematurity, retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment and bronchopulmonary dysplasia at the corrected gestational age of 36 weeks or discharge in the late transfer group were significantly higher than that in the delayed transfer group (Bonferroni correction, all P<0.017). In the late transfer group, the median age of very premature infants at discharge was 66.0 d (51.0-86.0 d), and the corrected gestational age at discharge was 38.9 weeks (37.1-41.2 weeks), and both were greater than those in the early transfer [48.0 d (37.0-64.0 d), Z=260.83; 36.9 weeks (35.7-38.3 weeks), Z=294.32] and delayed transfer groups [52.0 d (41.0-64.0 d), Z=81.49; 37.4 weeks (36.1-38.7 weeks), Z=75.97] (all P<0.017). Conclusions:Many very premature infants need to be transferred to higher-level hospitals after birth. The later the very premature infants are transferred, the higher the incidence of complications will be. It is suggested that intrauterine or early postnatal transport may improve the prognosis of very premature infants.

Intervenções da equipe multiprofissional no transporte de pacientes em estado crítico: revisão sistemática de métodos mistos / Intervenciones del equipo multidisciplinario en el transporte de pacientes en estado crítico: revisión sistemática de métodos mixtos / Multiprofessional team interventions in transporting critically ill patients: a systematic mixed-methods review

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar como intervenções da equipe multiprofissional promovem a segurança no transporte de pacientes em estado crítico. Método Revisão sistemática de métodos mistos elaborada com as recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute, seguindo uma abordagem integrada convergente. A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, resultando em 107 estudos. Após a remoção de estudos duplicados e a aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 17 estudos foram avaliados quanto à sua qualidade metodológica, havendo 15 estudos na amostra final. A extração dos dados foi realizada por um instrumento em forma de tabela e sintetizada por meio de análise temática. Resultados A decisão ponderada, o planejamento, a atuação na resolução de problemas e a ação para a melhoria são intervenções que a equipe multiprofissional promove na segurança do transporte de pacientes em estado crítico. Conclusão e implicações para a prática A padronização do transporte (criação de protocolos institucionais, check-list e adequação de equipamentos), a educação permanente e o treinamento de competências na capacitação das equipes fomentam uma cultura de segurança que evita o dano ao paciente. Sugerem-se pesquisas sobre a dimensão subjetiva e a inclusão da família no transporte.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar cómo las intervenciones del equipo multidisciplinario promueven la seguridad en el transporte de pacientes en estado crítico. Método Revisión sistemática de métodos mixtos, elaborada según el Instituto Joanna Briggs, siguiendo un enfoque convergente integrado. La investigación se realizó utilizando las bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews y Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, las cuales generaron 107referencias. Después de eliminar los duplicados y aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se evaluó la calidad metodológica de 17 artículos, resultando en 15 artículos como muestra final. La extracción de datos se realizó mediante una herramienta en forma de tabla, y sintetizados mediante análisis temático. Resultados La toma de decisiones reflexivas, la planificación, la acción para la resolución de problemas y la acción para la mejora son intervenciones del equipo multidisciplinario que promueven la seguridad en el transporte de pacientes en estado crítico. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica La estandarización del transporte (creación de protocolos institucionales, checklist y adecuación del equipo), la educación continua y el entrenamiento de habilidades en la capacitación de los equipos fomentan una cultura de seguridad que previene daños al paciente. Se sugiere investigar sobre la dimensión subjetiva y la inclusión de la familia en el transporte.

ABSTRACT Aim To analyze how interventions of a multidisciplinary team promote the safe transportation of critically ill patients. Method A systematic mixed-methods review was developed using an integrated convergent approach according to the Joanna Briggs Institute. This study was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials electronic databases, which generated 107 references. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 articles were evaluated for methodological quality, resulting in 15 articles as the final sample. Data extraction was performed using a tool in the form of a table and synthesized through thematic analysis. Results Thoughtful decision, planning, problem-solving action and action for improvement are interventions that the multiprofessional team promotes the safe transportation of critically ill patients. Conclusion and implications for practice The standardization of transport (institutional protocols, a checklist, and equipment adequacy), continuing education, and skills training in the capacitation of teams foster a culture of safety that prevents harm to the patient. Further research is suggested on the subjective dimension and with the family in transportation.

Construction and validation of indicators for patient safety in intrahospital transport / Construcción y validación de indicadores de seguridad del paciente en el transporte intrahospitalario / Construção e validação de indicadores para a segurança do paciente no transporte intra-hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: To construct and validate an indicator plan for measuring and assessing patient safety in intrahospital transport. Method: Methodological study, developed in three stages, between July 2018 and July 2019. The content validity included the participation of nurses from the State of Bahia and experts from different regions of the country. For data analysis and interpretation, descriptive statistics were used. Results: After a pre-test round and two rounds of expert consultations, using the Delphi technique, the general content validity index that assessed the clarity of the indicators was measured at 1.00 and the representativeness was 0.97. Conclusion: The indicators make a significant contribution to the field of health and nursing, as it constitutes an instrument that will contribute to the professional practice of nurses, to patient safety and will still be viable for the practice of auditing or assessing the intrahospital transport process.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Construir y validar un plan de indicadores para medir y evaluar la seguridad del paciente en el transporte intrahospitalario. Método: Estudio metodológico, desarrollado en tres etapas, entre julio de 2018 y julio de 2019. La validez de contenido incluyó la participación de enfermeros del Estado de Bahía y especialistas de diferentes regiones del país. Para el análisis e interpretación de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Luego de una ronda de pretest y dos rondas de consulta con especialistas, utilizando la técnica Delphi, se midió el índice de validez de contenido general que evaluó la claridad de los indicadores en 1,00 y un representante de 0,97. Conclusión: Los indicadores hacen un aporte significativo al campo de la salud y enfermería, ya que constituye un instrumento que contribuye a la práctica profesional del enfermero, a la seguridad del paciente y seguirá siendo viable para la práctica de auditorías o planificación del proceso de transporte en el hospital.

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir e validar um plano de indicadores para mensuração e avaliação da segurança do paciente no transporte intra-hospitalar. Método: Estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em três etapas, entre julho de 2018 a julho de 2019. A validade de conteúdo contou com a participação de enfermeiras do Estado da Bahia e experts de diferentes regiões do país. Para análise e interpretação dos dados utilizou-se a estatística descritiva. Resultados: Após uma rodada de pré-teste e duas de consulta a experts, utilizando a técnica Delphi, o índice de validade de conteúdo geral que avaliou a clareza dos indicadores foi aferido em 1.00 e a representatividade foi de 0.97. Conclusão: Os indicadores trazem uma significativa contribuição para o campo da saúde e da enfermagem, pois constitui-se num instrumento que contribuirá para a prática profissional da enfermeira, para segurança do paciente e ainda será viável para prática de auditorias ou avaliações do processo de transporte intra-hospitalar.

Medidas de prevenção da transmissão de COVID-19 para profissionais do atendimento pré-hospitalar / Measures for the prevention of COVID-19 transmission for prehospital care workers

RESUMO Objetivo identificar medidas de prevenção da transmissão de COVID-19 para profissionais de saúde do atendimento pré-hospitalar. Métodos revisão integrativa por meio das bases de dados LILACS e BDENF via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, CINAHL, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library e SCOPUS. Resultados foram incluídas oito publicações que apresentaram recomendações referentes ao uso de equipamentos de segurança pelos profissionais de saúde e motoristas de ambulâncias e medidas de prevenção do risco de infecção durante procedimentos aéreos invasivos em pacientes suspeitos ou contaminados de COVID-19. Conclusão as medidas preventivas dirigidas aos profissionais do atendimento pré-hospitalar foram: uso adequado de equipamentos de proteção individual e; mudanças no manejo de pacientes suspeitos/contaminados pelo COVID-19 e em procedimentos invasivos ou no transporte desses pacientes. Além disso, é fundamental a limpeza e desinfecção das ambulâncias e seus equipamentos.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify measures to prevent transmission of COVID-19 for prehospital care health care workers. Methods integrative review using LILACS and BDENF databases via the Virtual Health Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS. Results eight publications were included that presented recommendations regarding the use of safety equipment by healthcare professionals and ambulance drivers and measures to prevent the risk of infection during invasive airborne procedures in suspected or contaminated COVID-19 patients. Conclusion the preventive measures directed to prehospital care professionals were proper use of personal protective equipment and changes in the management of suspected/contaminated patients by COVID-19 and in invasive procedures or transportation of these patients. In addition, it is essential the cleaning and disinfection of the ambulances and their equipment.

The Efficiency of Ground Transport and Efficacy of Mobile Trauma Unit on the Inter-Hospital Transfer of Severe Trauma Patients

PURPOSE: The author's trauma center implemented Mobile Trauma Units (MTU), which are ground transportation automobiles constructed with advanced medical equipment, in an attempt to improve the survival rate of severe trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of MTU as a means of inter-hospital transfer of patients in urban environments. METHODS: Patients with an injury severity score (ISS) of 16 or more were enrolled in this study. The participants must also be patients who were transferred with the MTU in the 18 months between January 2017 and June 2018. To assess the survival probability, the revised trauma score (RTS), trauma and injury severity score (TRISS), and w-score were used as the outcome indices. RESULTS: Forty-four (86.3%) of the severe trauma patients with an ISS of 16 or more were male and 7 (13.7%) were female. The number of patients from the territory were 32 (62.7%), and patients from the others were 19 (37.3%). All the patients received their injury from blunt force trauma. The average time of from the scene of the accident to the trauma center was 176 minutes. In 13 deaths, 10 (76.9%) of the RTS values were below 4 points. Among the 51 patients, TRISS was more than 0.5 in 32 patients (62.7%). The w-score was 13.25 and the actual survival rate of a patient was 74.50%. CONCLUSION: Ground transportation automobiles that use MTU for severe trauma patients in urban areas are more economically beneficial and more efficient. The survival rate while using MTU was also shown to be higher than that of medical helicopter transfers.

Caracterização de pacientes transportados com suporte respiratório e/ou cardiovascular extracorpóreo no Estado de São Paulo - Brasil / Characterization of patients transported with extracorporeal respiratory and/or cardiovascular support in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar pacientes graves transportados em suporte respiratório ou cardiovascular extracorpóreo. Métodos: Descrição de uma série de 18 casos registrados no Estado de São Paulo. Todos os pacientes foram consecutivamente avaliados por uma equipe multidisciplinar no hospital de origem. Os pacientes foram resgatados, sendo a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea instalada in loco. Os pacientes foram, então, transportados para os hospitais referenciados já em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Os dados foram recuperados de um banco de dados prospectivamente coletado. Resultados: De 2011 até 2017, 18 pacientes com 29 (25 - 31) anos, SAPS3 de 84 (68 - 92), com principais diagnósticos de leptospirose e influenza A (H1N1) foram transportados no Estado de São Paulo para três hospitais referenciados. Uma distância mediana de 39 (15 - 82) km foi percorrida em cada missão, em um tempo de 360 (308 - 431) minutos. As medianas de um (0 - 2) enfermeiro, três (2 - 3) médicos e um (0 - 1) fisioterapeuta foram necessárias por missão. Dezessete transportes foram realizados por ambulância e um por helicóptero. Existiram intercorrências: em duas ocasiões (11%), houve falha de fornecimento de energia para a bomba e, em duas ocasiões, queda da saturação de oxigênio < 70%. Treze pacientes (72%) sobreviveram para a alta hospitalar. Dos pacientes não sobreviventes, dois tiveram morte encefálica; dois, disfunção de múltiplos órgãos; e um, fibrose pulmonar considerada irreversível. Conclusões: O transporte com suporte extracorpóreo ocorreu sem intercorrências maiores, com uma sobrevida hospitalar alta dos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the transport of severely ill patients with extracorporeal respiratory or cardiovascular support. Methods: A series of 18 patients in the state of São Paulo, Brazil is described. All patients were consecutively evaluated by a multidisciplinary team at the hospital of origin. The patients were rescued, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was provided on site. The patients were then transported to referral hospitals for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Data were retrieved from a prospectively collected database. Results: From 2011 to 2017, 18 patients aged 29 (25 - 31) years with a SAPS 3 of 84 (68 - 92) and main primary diagnosis of leptospirosis and influenza A (H1N1) virus were transported to three referral hospitals in São Paulo. A median distance of 39 (15 - 82) km was traveled on each rescue mission during a period of 360 (308 - 431) min. A median of one (0 - 2) nurse, three (2 - 3) physicians, and one (0 - 1) physical therapist was present per rescue. Seventeen rescues were made by ambulance, and one rescue was made by helicopter. The observed complications were interruption in the energy supply to the pump in two cases (11%) and oxygen saturation < 70% in two cases. Thirteen patients (72%) survived and were discharged from the hospital. Among the nonsurvivors, there were two cases of brain death, two cases of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and one case of irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusions: Transportation with extracorporeal support occurred without serious complications, and the hospital survival rate was high.

Associated factors and trends for prehospital delay in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the associated factors and trends of prehospital delay in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).Methods Elderly patients with AIS admitted to the First People's Hospital of Qujing from 2007 to 2017 were enrolled retrospectively.The data of patients was collected from the medical records.Onset-to-door time ＞ 2 h was defined as prehospital delay.The demographic and baseline data were compared between the delay group and the non-delay group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors for prehospital delay.In addition,the trends of prehospital delay time at the different stages of the study were also analyzed.Results A total of 1 566 patients with AIS aged ≥65 years were enrolled.Their mean age was 75.61 ±6.06 years.The mean time of prehospital delay was 10.83 ± 7.47 h (median time 8.27 h).Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.271,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.029-2.896;P =0.039),nocturnal onset (OR 1.413,95％ CI 1.067-3.859;P=0.013),and atypical symptom onset (OR 2.345,95％ CI 1.184-8.126;P=0.029) were independently positively correlated with prehospital delay,while the emergency medical service transport (OR 0.743,95％ CI 0.261-0.998;P =0.010),having medical insurance (OR 0.219,95％ CI 0.015-0.799;P =0.042),and having a bystander at the time of onset (OR 0.618,95％ CI 0.149-0.814;P=0.003) were independently negatively correlated with prehospital delay.At the different stages of the study,January 2007 to October 2010,November 2010 to April 2015,and May 2015 to December 2017,the mean time of prehospital delay was 12.59 ± 7.06 h,10.57 ±7.78 h,and 8.47 ±7.07 h,respectively.They showed a decrease trend,but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion Advanced age,nocturnal onset,and atypical symptom onset were the independent risk factors for prehospital delay,while emergency medical service transport,having medical insurance,and having a bystander at the time of onset were the independent protective factors for prehospital delay.The delay time of the elderly patients with AIS is declining year by year,but the improvement is not significant.The delay in seeking timely medical intervention remains an important public health problem.

Prehospital delay and its influencing factors in acute ischemic stroke in Fuxin area / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate Prehospital delay and its influencing factors in acute ischemic stroke in Fuxin area.Methods Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted from March 1,2015 to July 1,2017 were enrolled prospectively.The patients were grouped by the cutoff value from onset to admission time ≤3 h.The demographic data,vascular risk factors,onset to admission time,and clinical data were recorded.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent influencing factors of prehospital delay.Results A total of 758 patients were enrolled,including 123 (16.2％) from the onset to the admission time ≤3 h.Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that women (odds ratio,[OR] 14.782,95％ confidence interval [CI] 2.378-91.809;P=0.004),Mongolian (OR 6.218,95％ CI 1.642-23.520;P=0.008),low level of education (0-6 years:OR 5.047,95％ CI 1.306-19.519;P=0.023),place of residence (suburb or rural area:OR 4.024,95％ CI 1.080-14.987;P =0.038),low economic income (0-1500 yuan/month:OR 5.985,95％ CI 1.500-23.873;P =0.011),previous history of stroke/transient ischernic attack (OR 6.293,95％ CI 1.558-25.384;P=0.013),National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤8 (OR 12.352,95％ CI3.239-47.119;P＜0.001),limb weakness (OR 3.335,95％ CI 1.043-10.658;P=0.042) and dizziness (OR 7.031,95％ CI 1.814-14.027;P=0.005) as the initial symptom,transportation means (non-120 ambulances,private cars or taxis:OR 1.929,95％ CI 1.106-3.366;P =0.021),transferred from other hospital (OR 1.761,95％ CI 1.011-3.067;P=0.045),and first visit hospitals as health centers or primary hospitals (OR 1.811,95％ CI 1.034-3.173;P=0.037) were the independent factors of prehospital delay in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Conclusion Women,Mongolian,educational level,residence,economic income,history of stroke/transient ischemic attack,severity of illness,transportation initial,level of first visit hospital,and transfered from other hospital are the influencing factors for prehospital delay in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Fuxin area.

Analysis of Delayed Arrival Time According to the Residences Type of Elderly Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

PURPOSE: We made a clinical comparison of elderly patients from home and residential aged care facilities (RACFs) who visited the emergency department and were hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke. In addition, we investigated the factors associated with prehospital delay in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital between January 2013 and December 2016. Information regarding the patients was registered including gender, age, comorbidities, symptoms at onset, use of emergency medical services, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at the emergency department, symptom-to-door time, etc. Characteristics of the patients were analyzed and logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with symptom-to-door time. RESULTS: A total of 402 patients were enrolled during the study period. Overall, 339 elderly patients visited from home and 63 patients from RACFs, and patients from home were divided into two groups, living with family (n=274) and living alone (n=65). Patients from RACFs were older (≤0.001) and had higher NIHSS (p=0.007) than patients from home, but there were no significant relationships between symptom-to-door time and age (p=0.525), NIHSS (p=0.428). There was no difference in symptom-to-door time between patients living with family and patients from RACFs, but patients living alone had delayed symptom-to-door time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients living alone were among the three groups that had the most delayed symptom-to-door time. Therefore, it is necessary to expand and supplement support for elderly patients living alone, as well as to improve education regarding acute ischemic stroke.

Transporte de crianças em ambulâncias terrestres: segurança e conhecimentos dos profissionais / Transporte de niños en ambulancias terrestres: seguridad y conocimiento de los profesionales / Transportation of children on land ambulances: safety and professional knowledge

INTRODUÇÃO: O transporte de crianças em ambulâncias terrestres é uma problemática ainda insuficientemente investigada em todo o mundo. Neste contexto pretende-se conhecer as medidas de segurança usadas no transporte de crianças em ambulâncias terrestres e identificar o conhecimento dos profissionais acerca das medidas a adotar para este tipo de transporte. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo quantitativo, exploratório descritivo. A análise das medidas de segurança usadas no transporte de crianças tem por base as recomendações da National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Aplicado um questionário a 135 enfermeiros e bombeiros/tripulantes de ambulâncias portuguesas baseado em 4 possíveis situações de transporte e abrangendo 5 faixas etárias pediátricas. RESULTADOS: Os profissionais adotam uma grande variedade de medidas de segurança na prática havendo uma diferença significativa entre a forma como transportam as crianças e o modo que consideram ser o ideal. Os resultados da avaliação do transporte situam-se mais próximos dos níveis de segurança aceitáveis do que dos níveis recomendados como ideais. Verifica-se que mulheres, profissionais graduados e enfermeiros de pediatria transportam as crianças em ambulâncias com mais segurança. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÕES: Muitos profissionais desconhecem as possibilidades de transporte seguro para as crianças nem conhecem recomendações para este tipo de transporte. A dispersão apurada na forma como o transporte é efetuado e os resultados obtidos sugerem a necessidade de regulamentação deste transporte, de investimento na formação dos profissionais e de sensibilização das instituições de saúde para a importância do uso de sistemas de retenção para crianças durante o seu transporte

INTRODUCCIÓN: El transporte de niños en ambulancia terrestre es un problema poco investigado en todo el mundo. En este contexto se pretende conocer las medidas de seguridad usadas en el transporte de niños en ambulancias terrestres e identificar el conocimiento de los profesionales acerca de las medidas que se deben adoptar para este tipo de transporte. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuantitativo exploratorio y descriptivo. El análisis de las medidas de seguridad usadas en el transporte de niños es basado en las recomendaciones de la National Highway Traffic Administration. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 135 enfermeros y bomberos/tripulación de ambulancias portuguesas basado en 4 posibles situaciones de transporte y abarcando 5 rangos de edad pediátricas. RESULTADOS: Los profesionales adoptan una amplia variedad de medidas de seguridad en la práctica existiendo una diferencia significativa entre la forma como transportan los niños y la forma que consideran ideal. Los resultados de la evaluación del transporte están situados más cerca de los niveles de seguridad aceptables que de los niveles recomendados como ideales. Se verificó que mujeres, profesionales graduados y enfermeros de pediatría transportan los niños en ambulancias con más seguridad. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: Muchos profesionales desconocen las posibilidades de transporte seguro para los niños y ni conocen las recomendaciones para este tipo de transporte. La difusión exacta en la forma como el transporte es realizado y los resultados obtenidos sugieren la necesidad de normas para este transporte, invertir en la formación de los profesionales y sensibilización de las instituciones de salud para la importancia del uso de sistemas de retención para niños durante el transporte

INTRODUCTION: Transportation of children on land ambulances is still a problem not sufficiently researched throughout the world. Within this context, we aim to know the safety measures used in the transport of children in terrestrial ambulances and identify the knowledge of professionals on the measures to be adopted for this type of transportation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a quantitative, exploratory descriptive study. The analysis of the safety measures used when transporting children is based on the recommendations of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. A questionnaire was applied to 135 nurses and Portuguese ambulance firefighters / crew based on four possible transport situations and covering five pediatric age groups. RESULTS: Professionals adopt a wide variety of safety measures in practice, with a significant difference between the way they transport children and the way they consider it as ideal. The results of the transport assessment are closer to acceptable levels of safety than levels recommended as ideal. It is verified that women, professional graduates, and pediatric nurses transport children in ambulances more safely. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Many professionals are unaware of the possibilities of safe transportation for children and do not know of any recommendations for this type of transport. The accurate dispersion on how the transport is carried out and the results obtained suggest the need to regulate this transport, invest on the formation of the professionals, and raise awareness of health institutions on the importance of using restraint systems for children during their transport

The establishment and application of graded management under early warning for intrahospital transport / 中华护理杂志

Objective Through conducting the project of quality improvement for intrahospital transport of critically ill patients from ward to ICU,to establish graded management under early warning to improve transport efficiency and quality.Methods Through setting up project team,setting goals of quality improvement,measuring and analyzing transport status,the graded management under early warning was established from three aspects:condition,equipment and transport personnel.The graded management under early warning was applied to clinical nursing practice to evaluate the effects.Results There was no statistical difference before and after the implementation of graded management under early warning in gender,age and condition of critical ill patients between two groups,but the time of transport was significantly reduced after the implementation,while there was no equipment failure,and the incidence of adverse events associated with devices decreased effectively.Conclusion The establishment and application of graded management under early warning has effectively reduced the risks of transport,improved efficiency and quality of transport.

The training of position transfer technique and evaluation of effects / 中华护理杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of training of Bobath position transfer technique for nurses.Methods Thirty nurses were recruited in the study using convenience sampling and received training of Bobath transfer technique.Five variables were evaluated before and after training:transfer skills,transfer intensity,sense of comfort,and sense of comfort and sense of security from simulated patients.Results Nurses' transfer skills and sense of comfort were higher after training (P＜0.05).Transfer intensity was lower than before (P＜0.05).Sense of comfort and sense of security from simulated patients were improved after the training (P＜0.05).Conclusion Training of Bobath transfer technique can improve nurses' transfer skills and promote sense of comfort and sense of security from simulated patients.

Effect of Critical Care Transport on Patients' Survival after Inter-Hospital Transport of Critically Ill Patients

PURPOSE: Critical care transport (CCT) has been known to be beneficial for inter-hospital transport of critically ill patients. Seoul Mobile Intensive Care Unit (SMICU) has been established and provided CCT in Seoul Metropolitan City since 2015. We tested the association between SMICU transport and hospital outcome for critically ill patients. METHODS: This is a before and after intervention study. SMICU group with cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, major trauma, respiratory failure, and shock who were transported by SMICU from January to July 2016 were collected as an intervention group. Non-SMICU group with the same above diagnosis criteria who were transported by private ambulance services during same period in 2015. By National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS), demographics were compared for original data and sampling data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Total 1,837 patients (128 SMICU and 1,709 non-SMICU group) for original dataset and 180 patients (60 SMICU and 120 non-SMICU group) for sampling dataset were finally analyzed. Hospital mortality rates are 22.7% in SMICU and 11.8% in non-SMICU in original dataset (p<0.001), 26.7% in SMICU and 31.7% in non-SMICU in sampling dataset (p=0.490), respectively. AOR (95% CIs) for hospital mortality by SMICU in original and sampling dataset were 0.80 (0.48-1.35) and 0.71 (0.33-1.51), respectively. CONCLUSION: The CCT for critically ill patients did not show significantly better hospital mortality in the pilot study.

Appropriateness of transport of children via emergency medical service providers according to the decision-maker on referred hospitals

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the appropriateness of transport of children via emergency medical service providers (EMSP) according to the decision-maker on referred hospitals (EMSP [EMSP group] vs. guardians [user group]). METHODS: We analyzed first aid records by EMSP for children aged 15 years or younger in Gyeonggi province, Korea, from January 2012 through December 2013. We obtained the following data: scene, symptom, type (high-level [regional/local emergency medical centers] or not) and location (out-of-province or not) of referred hospitals, injury, level of consciousness (alert or not), and prehospital triage results by EMSP (emergent/less emergent or not). RESULTS: A total of 50,407 children were included, of whom 37,626 (74.6%) belonged to the user group. Overall, the most common scene, symptom, and type and location of referred hospitals were home (57.0%), pain (33.3%), and inside-theprovince and local emergency medical centers (44.2%), respectively. The user group showed less frequent injury (P < 0.001), decreased level of consciousness (P < 0.001), and no significant difference in the triage results (P = 0.074). This group showed more frequent transport to high-level and out-of-province emergency medical centers (P < 0.001), and longer transport (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The user group showed more frequent transport to high-level or remote referred hospitals without more critical prehospital triage results. Guardian-directed transport of children might be associated with the inappropriate transport of children via EMSP.

Interfacility transport of critically ill children

Interfacility transport of critically ill children (transport) is a challenging component of pediatric critical care. The risk associated with the transport may be reduced by a specialized pediatric transport team, a screening tool for critically ill children, and a standardized handover between referring and referred physicians. Further research is necessary in Korea regarding the above measures for the safe and effective transport.

Barreras geográficas de acceso a los servicios de salud oral en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia / Geographic Access Barriers to Oral Health Services in the Department of Narino, Colombia / Barreiras geográficas de acesso aos serviços de saúde bucal, no departamento de Narino, Colômbia

Resumen Estudio de corte trasversal cuyo objetivo fue identificar presencia de barreras geográficas de acceso a salud y elaborar un inventario de prestadores de salud oral del departamento de Nariño, con información de 64 municipios. Metodología: se desarrolló un sistema de medida de distancia y tiempo, identificando el tiempo de viaje que toma el desplazamiento de un municipio hasta la capital en diferentes medios de transporte. Como determinante de barrera de acceso: tiempo de viaje mayor a cuatro horas y distancia mayor a 25 km. Resultados: se identificaron 305 prestadores públicos, 1062 privados; en salud oral 670 prestadores. Nariño cuenta con primer nivel de atención en todos los municipios, segundo en cuatro y tercero en Pasto. De los 64 municipios tres no tienen barrera de acceso. Conclusiones: el tiempo de viaje y el medio de transporte son determinantes de barrera de acceso a salud, especialmente en las áreas del Pacífico de Nariño.

Abstract A cross-sectional study aimed to identify the existence of geographic barriers to health care and to conduct an inventory of health care institutions in Narino with information from the sixty- four municipalities in the state. Methods: A measurement system was developed to identify the travel time from a municipality to Pasto in different means of transportation. A travel time of more than 4 hours or a distance longer than 25 km were considered access barriers. Results: Narino has 305 providers in public sector, 1062 in private sector; 670 oral health providers was identify. Narino has primary health care providers in the entire state, second level in four and third level only in Pasto. From the 64 municipalities analyzed, 3 did not have access barriers in terms of travel time or distance. Conclusions: The travel time and the means of transportation generate access barriers to health care services in Narino, accentuated in pacific area.

Resumo Estudo transversal teve como objetivo identificar a presença de barreiras geográficas ao acesso à saúde e desenvolver um inventário dos provedores de saúde departamento de Nariño oral, com informações de 64 municípios. Metodologia: Um sistema de medição foi desenvolvido distância e tempo, identificando o tempo de viagem leva o deslocamento de um município à capital em diferentes meios de transporte. Como determinante da barreira de acesso: mais tempo de viagem para quatro horas e superior a 25 km de distância. Resultados: 305 prestadores públicos, privados de 1062 foram identificados; 670 provedores de saúde bucal. Nariño tem primeiro nível de atenção em todos os municípios, quatro segundo e terceiro em Pasto. Dos 64 municípios de três não têm barreira de acesso. Conclusões: o tempo de viagem e os meios de transporte são o acesso barreira decisiva para a saúde, especialmente nas áreas de Nariño Pacífico.

O transporte inter-hospitalar do recém-nascido de alto risco: um desafio para a enfermagem / Interhospital transport of the high-risk newborn: a challenge for the nursing staff / El transporte interhospitalar del recién nacido de alto riesgo: un desafío de la enfermería

Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as condições em que se dá o transporte inter-hospitalar de recém-nascidos de alto risco entre o município de origem e o hospital de assistência materno-infantil de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva realizada com 35 profissionais de Enfermagem integrantes do transporte neonatal entre 1º novembro de 2014 a 30 de julho de 2015. Constatou-se que o transporte inter-hospitalar de recém-nascidos de risco ocorre com frequência, do interior do Estado de Minas Gerais para Belo Horizonte, confirmando que os municípios identificados não dispõem de recursos humanos e/ou materiais para assisti-los adequadamente, o que é considerado grave pela possibilidade de favorecer a piora clínica do paciente. Recomenda-se aos gestores dos municípios que atentem para as condições necessárias exigidas para o transporte, a fim de minimizar eventos adversos durante o trajeto e para que o recém-nascido seja assistido com qualidade e segurança (AU).

This study aimed to investigate the conditions in which the interhospital transport of high-risk newborns takes place, between their municipality of origin and the Mother and Child Hospital in Belo Horizonte, in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. It is an exploratory and descriptive study undertaken with 35 nursing professionals who are members of the neonatal transportteam, between 1st November 2014 and 30th July 2015. It was evidenced that the interhospital transport of at-risk newborns occurs frequently, from the interior of the State of Minas Gerais to Belo Horizonte, confirming that the municipalities identified lack the human and/or material resources to assist them appropriately, which is considered serious due to the possibility of promoting the worsening of the patient's clinical condition. It is recommended to the municipalities' managers that they should be alert to the necessary conditions required for the transport, so as to minimize adverse events during the journey and so that the newborn may be assisted with quality and safety (AU).

Estudio cuyo objetivo fue conocer las condiciones del transporte interhospitalar de recién nacidos de alto riesgo entre el municipio de origenyelhospital de asistencia maternal infantil de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Es una investigación exploratoria y descriptiva realizada con 35 profesionales de Enfermería integrantes del transporte neonatal entre 1º de noviembre de 2014 y 30 de julio de 2015.Seconstató que el transporte interhospitalar de recién nacidos de riesgo ocurre con frecuencia, del interior del Estado de Minas Gerais para Belo Horizonte, confirmando que los municipios identificados no disponen de recursos humanos y/o materiales para realizar esa asistenciade modo adecuado, lo que es considerado gravea causa de la posibilidad de llevar a un empeoramiento clínico del paciente. Se sugiere a los gestores de los municipios que pongan atenciónalas condiciones necesarias exigidas para el transporte, para minimizar eventos adversos durante el trayectoy para que el recién nacido sea asistido concualidad y seguridad (AU).

Construção de protocolo sobre transporte inter-hospitalar de recém-nascido em estado crítico de saúde

A remoção rápida e segura de recém-nascidos críticos, nascidos em centros sem recursos, para Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal por meio de transporte inter-hospitalar é uma das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde para redução da mortalidade neonatal por causas evitáveis. Para isso, faz-se necessário definir estratégias e condutas para a execução de transporte de qualidade. Teve-se por objetivo construir um protocolo para o transporte inter-hospitalar de recém-nascido (RN) em estado crítico de saúde. Estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em duas fases. A primeira constituiu-se de revisão integrativa guiada pela pergunta norteadora: “Quais as condutas realizadas para o transporte do RN em estado crítico de saúde, a ser transportado por ambulância, descritas nas publicações científicas?” A coleta de dados dessa fase ocorreu no período de maio a outubro de 2014 nas bases de dados LILACS, CINAHL, Web of Science, SCOPUS e portal PubMED por meio do cruzamento dos descritores não controlados newborn transport, neonatal transport, newborn infants, training for newborn transfer nas bases de dados de língua inglesa e os controlados:...

A quick and safe removal of critical newborns, born in centers without resources, is one of the Ministry of Health recommendations to reduce neonatal mortality from preventable causes. For this, it is necessary to define strategies and approaches towards the execution of a quality transportation. The objective was to build a protocol for inter-hospital transport of newborn (NB) in a critical state of health. It is a methodological study, divided in two phases. The first consisted of integrative review guided by the guiding question: “What are the conducts performed to transport health critically ill NB, to be transported by ambulance, described in scientific publications? ”A this stage data collection took place from May to October 2014 in the databases LILACS, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus and PubMED portal by crossing the uncontrolled descriptors newborn transport, neonatal transport, newborn infants, training for newborn transfer in English language databases and controlled:...

Estratégias para reduzir o tempo porta-balão nos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio / Strategies for reducing door-to-balloon time in patients with acute myocardial infarction / Estrategias para reducir el tiempo puerta-balón en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio

OBJETIVO: identificar as evidências disponíveis quanto às estratégias para reduzir o tempo porta-balão nos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) que necessitam de transporte inter-hospitalar para serviços de hemodinâmica.MÉTODO: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados LILACS e Medline via PubMed no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2014. Das 21 publicações identificadas, nove foram incluídas na amostra.RESULTADOS: as estratégias com melhores resultados na redução do tempo porta-balão foram: eletrocardiograma pré-hospitalar com nível de evidência III, ativação precoce e transferência direta para os centros de hemodinâmica, com nível de evidência IV. Nos estudos que utilizaram essas intervenções, mais de 50% dos pacientes foram reperfundidos em menos de 90 minutos ou com tempo de até 60 minutos.CONCLUSÃO: intervenções para reduzir o tempo porta-balão foram pouco aplicadas isoladamente, sendo evidente a necessidade de estratégias conjuntas e padronizadas em todas as etapas do atendimento ao paciente com IAM.

Objective: to identify the available evidence regarding strategies to reduce door-to-balloon time in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) requiring inter-hospital transport to cardiac lab services. Method: an integrative review of the literature using the LILACS and PubMeddatabases, inclusive of all articles published between January 2005 and March 2015. Of the 21 publications identified, nine were included in the sample. Results: strategies with the best results in reducing door-to-balloon time were: pre-hospital ECG (evidence level III) and early notificationof and direct transfer to reference centers (evidence level IV). In studies using these measures, more than 50% of patients were reperfused within 90 minutes or within 60 minutes. Conclusion: Interventions to reduce door-to-balloon time were infrequently applied alone. Multiple coordinatedand standardized strategies should be used in all phases for the care of AMI patients.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar las evidencias disponibles sobre las estrategias para reducir el tiempo puerta-balón en pacientescon infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) que requieren transporte interhospitalario para los servicios de hemodinámica. Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases de datos LILACS y PubMed entre enero de 2004 y julio de 2014. De las 21 publicaciones identificadas, nuevefueron incluidos en la muestra. Las estrategias con mejores resultados en la reducción de la puerta-balón fueron el ECG pre hospitalario con nivel de evidencia III, la activación temprana y la transferencia directa a los centros de hemodinámica con nivel de evidencia IV. En los estudios que utilizaron estas intervenciones, más del 50% de los pacientes fueron reperfundidos en menos de 90 minutos o con un tiempo de hasta 60 minutos.Las intervenciones para reducir el tiempo puerta-balón se aplicaron poco en forma aislada, siendo evidente la necesidad de estrategias conjuntasy estandarizadas en todas las etapas de la atención al paciente con IAM.